Translated by Ian Johnston of Malaspina University-College, Nanaimo, British Columbia, CA; published by Richer Resources Publications; online at Malaspina Great Books: http://www.malaspina.org/home.htm. Sir Richard Jebb’s translation and commentary acknowledged; adapted with Mr. Johnston’s permission for LITR 4533 Tragedy & LITR 5831 World / Multicultural: Tragedy & Africa at University of Houston-Clear Lake.

Instructor’s note on text: To simplify reading, changes in Johnston’s online edition include modernization or Americanization of spelling; division of long speeches; bracketed [ ] annotations in smaller font by the instructor.

Sophocles (495 BC-405 BC) was a popular and prolific author of tragedies in classical Athens. His power of characterization, beauty of expression, and profound significance is sometimes compared to Shakespeare's. Records indicate that Sophocles wrote as many as 120 plays across his long life, but only seven survive. Oedipus the King, also called Oedipus Tyrannos or Oedipus Rex, is widely regarded not only as his finest play but also as the greatest single text of Greek tragic drama.

Back-story: App. 15 or 16 years before the play begins, Oedipus, a stranger to Thebes, became its king when he arrived following the unsolved murder of King Laius, . Oedipus was offered the throne because he saved the city from the Sphinx*, as the play repeatedly mentions. He married Laius’s widow, Jocasta. Their four children were sons Eteocles and Polyneices and daughters Antigone and Ismene.

Character Backgrounds for Oedipus the King

TIRESIAS: an old blind prophet

• Tiresias appears in many literary works including Aeschylus’s Seven Against Thebes; Sophocles’s Oedipus the King and Antigone; three of Euripides’s tragedies including Bacchae; Homer's Odyssey; Ovid’s Metamorphoses; Dante’s Divine Comedy; Milton’s Paradise Lost; T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land.
• Tiresias’s blindness came as punishment either for revealing the gods’ secrets or for seeing Athena naked. In the latter legend Athena compensated by giving him the ability to understand the voices of birds. [Bird figures reappear throughout Oedipus the King and Antigone, esp. in relation to Tiresias.]
• Another legend accounting for Tiresias’s blindness reveals an unusual source of the prophet’s wisdom: his experience as both a man and a woman. 
  •  Tiresias, originally a man, became a woman when he saw two snakes mating and killed the female. Seven years later he again saw two snakes mating, killed the male, and became a man again.
  • When Zeus and Hera (king and queen of the Greek gods) had an argument whether men or women derive more pleasure from sex, they consulted  Tiresias. Zeus claimed women did, while Hera argued the opposite (adding that this was the reason Zeus was so frequently unfaithful).  Tiresias said a woman received more pleasure from the physical aspects of love than the man did, whereupon Hera, infuriated, blinded  Tiresias.
  • To compensate  Tiresias for his blindness, Zeus bestowed on him the gift of prophecy and promised him an extremely long life.

ANTIGONE and ISMENE, daughters of Oedipus and Jocasta, both reappear in Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone, the other two plays in Sophocles’ Theban Trilogy, as does CREON, Jocasta’s brother, who is king of Thebes in both plays.

Oedipus the King

[The action takes place in Thebes in front of the royal palace. The main doors face the audience. Altars stand beside the doors. A crowd of citizens led by the PRIEST and carrying branches decorated with laurel garlands and wool has gathered before the altars, with some sitting on the altar steps.]

[OEDIPUS enters through the palace doors]

OEDIPUS: My children, latest generation born from Cadmus, [=legendary founder of Thebes]
why are you sitting here with wreathed sticks     [= “laurel garlands and wool” above]
in supplication to me, while the city
fills with incense, chants, and cries of pain?              [incense, chants = rituals to appease gods]
Children, it would not be appropriate for me
to learn of this from any other source,
so I have come in person—I, Oedipus,
whose fame all men acknowledge.
                                                        But you there,
old man, tell me—you seem to be the one          [old man = Priest]
who ought to speak for those assembled here.                                                  10
What feeling brings you to me—fear or desire?
You can be confident that I will help.     [Oedipus as problem-solver; cf. detective]]
I shall assist you willingly in every way.
I would be a hard-hearted man indeed,
if I did not pity suppliants like these.                      [suppliants = petitioners, seekers of aid]

PRIEST: Oedipus, ruler of my native land,
you see how people here of every age
are crouching down around your altars,
some fledglings barely strong enough to fly  [fledglings=young birds; bird motif]
and others bent by age, with priests as well—                                                         20
for I’m priest of Zeus—and these ones here,
the pick of all our youth.
                                       The other groups
sit in the marketplace with suppliant sticks     [suppliant sticks—e. g., incense sticks, cf. "thyrsus" in Bacchae]
or else in front of Pallas’s two shrines,           [Pallas Athena = patron goddess of Athens]
or where Ismenus prophesies with fire.          [Ismenus = associated with Apollo, sun god]
For our city, as you yourself can see,
is badly shaken—she cannot raise her head
above the depths of so much surging death.

Disease infects fruit blossoms in our land,                 [disease/pollution metaphor begins]
disease infects our herds of grazing cattle,                                                30
makes women in labor lose their children.
And deadly pestilence, that fiery god,
swoops down to blast the city, emptying
the House of Cadmus, and fills black Hades    [House of Cadmus = Thebes; Hades = underworld]
with groans and howls.
                                      These children and myself
now sit here by your home, not because we think
you’re equal to the gods. No. We judge you
the first of men in what happens in this life
and in our interactions with the gods.

For you came here, to our Cadmeian city,   [Cadmeian < Cadmus, founder of Thebes] 40
and freed us from the tribute we were paying
to that cruel singer—and yet you knew             [that cruel singer = the sphinx as riddler]
no more than we did and had not been taught.
In their stories, the people testify
how, with the gods’ help, you gave us back our lives.

So now, Oedipus, our king, most powerful   
in all men’s eyes, we’re here as suppliants,                [suppliants = petitioners, seekers of aid]
all begging you to find some help for us,
either by listening to a heavenly voice,
or learning from some other human being.             [learning theme]            50
For, in my view, men of experience
provide advice which gives the best results.

So now, you best of men, raise up our state.
Act to consolidate your fame, for now,
thanks to your eagerness in earlier days,
the city celebrates you as its savior.
Don’t let our memory of your ruling here
declare that we were first set right again,
and later fell. No. Restore our city,                      [detective / crime theme: restoration of order]
so that it stands secure.
                                       In those times past                                                             60
you brought us joy—and with good omens, too.  [good omens = signs of future prosperity]
Be that same man today. If you’re to rule
as you are doing now, it’s better to be king
in a land of men than in a desert.
An empty ship or city wall is nothing
if no men share your life together there.

OEDIPUS: My poor children, I know why you have come—
I am not ignorant of what you yearn for.
For I well know that you are ill, and yet,  
sick as you are, there is not one of you                                                                   70
whose illness equals mine. Your agony
comes to each one of you as his alone,
a special pain for him and no one else.
But the soul inside me sorrows for myself,
and for the city, and for you—all together.  [tragic royal hero represents people or state, not just family]

You are not rousing me from a deep sleep.
You must know I’ve been shedding many tears
and, in my wandering thoughts, exploring
many pathways. After a careful search        [path metaphor conforms to Oedipus’s earlier wanderings]
I followed up the one thing I could find  [followed up, find = path metaphor > detective metaphor]    80
and acted on it. So I have sent away
my brother-in-law, son of Menoeceus,   =father of Creon & Jocasta, grandfather & father-in-law to Oedipus]
Creon, to Pythian Apollo’s shrine,                     [Pythian Apollo’s shrine = the Oracle at Delphi]
to learn from him what I might do or say
to save our city.
                          But when I count the days—
the time he’s been away—I now worry           [he = Creon, Oedipus’s brother-in-law (and uncle!)]
what he’s doing. For he’s been gone too long,
well past the time he should have taken.
But when he comes, I’ll be a wicked man
if I do not act on all the god reveals.                                                                              90

PRIEST: What you have said is most appropriate,
for these men here have just informed me
that Creon is approaching.

OEDIPUS: Lord Apollo,                              [Apollo = sun god, associated with healing]
as he returns may fine shining fortune,
bright as his countenance, attend on him.

PRIEST: It seems the news he brings is good—if not,
he would not wear that wreath around his head,
a laurel thickly packed with berries.          [laurel + berries = tokens of victory and bounty]

OEDIPUS: We’ll know soon enough—he’s within earshot.

[Enter Creon. Oedipus calls to him as he approaches]

My royal kinsman, child of Menoeceus, [=father of Creon & Jocasta, grandfather/ father-in-law to Oedipus]  100
what message from the god do you bring us?

CREON: Good news. I tell you even troubles        ["Good news." = dramatic irony]
difficult to bear will all end happily
if events lead to the right conclusion.

OEDIPUS: What is the oracle? So far your words
inspire in me no confidence or fear.   

CREON: If you wish to hear the news in public,
I’m prepared to speak. Or we could step inside.

OEDIPUS: Speak out to everyone. The grief I feel
for these citizens is even greater                                                                                  110
than any pain I feel for my own life.

CREON: Then let me report what I heard from the god.
Lord Phoebus clearly orders us to drive away                 [Phoebus = Apollo via Delphic Oracle]
the polluting stain this land has harbored—                 [disease / pollution metaphor]
which will not be healed if we keep nursing it.                [healing metaphor]

OEDIPUS: What sort of cleansing? And this disaster—      [pollution > cleansing metaphor]
how did it happen?

CREON:   By banishment— 
or atone for murder by shedding blood again.      [Lines 117-18 preview conclusion]
This blood brings on the storm which blasts our state.

OEDIPUS: And the one whose fate the god revealed—                                120
what sort of man is he?

CREON: Before you came, my lord,
to steer our ship of state, Laius ruled this land.                [Laius = Oedipus's bio-father]

OEDIPUS: I have heard that, but I never saw the man.        [dramatic irony]

CREON: Laius was killed. And now the god is clear:           [the god; i. e., the oracle]
those murderers, he tells us, must be punished,
whoever they may be.

OEDIPUS:                  And where are they?
In what country? Where am I to find a trace                [trace, track > detective + path metaphor]
of this ancient crime? It will be hard to track.

CREON: Here in Thebes, so said the god. What is sought
is found, but what is overlooked escapes.                                                                   130 

OEDIPUS: When Laius fell in bloody death, where was he—
at home, or in his fields, or in another land?

CREON: He was abroad, on his way to Delphi—         [site of Apollo's oracle, whom Creon has just visited]
that’s what he told us. He began the trip,
but did not return.

OEDIPUS: Was there no messenger—
no companion who made the journey with him
and witnessed what took place—a person
who might provide some knowledge men could use?      [i.e., a witness? (detective theme)]

CREON: They all died—except for one who was afraid     [they = King Laius’s entourage]
and ran away. There was only one thing                                                                    140
he could inform us of with confidence
about the things he saw.

OEDIPUS:    What was that?
We might get somewhere if we had one fact—      [detective theme]
we could find many things, if we possessed
some slender hope to get us going.

CREON: He told us it was robbers who attacked them—  ["He" = surviving member of Laius's entourage]
not just a single man, a gang of them—
they came on with force and killed him.

OEDIPUS: How would a thief have dared to do this,
unless he had financial help from Thebes?      [conspiracy theory]                       150

CREON: That’s what we guessed. But once Laius was dead
we were in trouble, so no one sought revenge.

OEDIPUS: When the ruling king had fallen in this way,
what bad trouble blocked your path, preventing you
from looking into it?

CREON: It was the Sphinx—
she sang her enigmatic song and thus forced us                            [enigmatic = riddling]
to put aside something we found obscure
to look into the urgent problem we now faced.

[Instructor's note re dialogue above: Instead of finding Laius's murderer, Thebes had to solve the immediate problem posed by the Sphinx, who obstructed and killed travelers to and from the city.]]

OEDIPUS: Then I will start afresh, and once again
shed light on darkness. It is most fitting           [light / darkness metaphor; learning theme]     160
that Apollo demonstrates his care
for the dead man, and worthy of you, too.
And so, as is right, you will see how I
work with you, seeking vengeance for this land,                   [dramatic irony]
as well as for the god.
                                    This polluting stain                    [pollution / cleansing theme]
I will remove, not for some distant friend,
but for myself. For whoever killed this man
may soon enough desire to turn his hand 
in the same way against me, too, and kill me.                       [dramatic irony]
Thus, in avenging Laius, I serve myself.                                                             170

But now, my children, as quickly as you can
stand up from these altar steps and take
your suppliant branches. Someone must call
the Theban people to assemble here.
I’ll do everything I can. With the god’s help
this will all come to light successfully,                               [light / darkness theme]
or else it will prove our common ruin.

[Oedipus and Creon go into the palace]

PRIEST: Let us get up, children. For this man
has willingly declared just what we came for.
And may Phoebus, who sent this oracle,           [Phoebus = Apollo, sun god + healing]  180
come as our savior and end our sickness.       [disease / healing theme]

[The Priest and the Citizens leave.

[Enter the Chorus of Theban Elders]

CHORUS: Oh sweet speaking voice of Zeus,      [Zeus = king of the gods]
 you have come to glorious Thebes from golden Pytho—    [Pytho = Delphi]
    but what is your intent?
 My fearful heart twists on the rack and shakes with fear.
O Delian healer, for whom we cry aloud                       [Delian < Delphi]
   in holy awe, what obligation
  will you demand from me, a thing unknown
   or now renewed with the revolving years?
    Immortal voice, O child of golden Hope,                                                       190
 speak to me!                                        [me, I: the chorus represents the city and its citizens]

    First I call on you, Athena the immortal,         [Athena = goddess of wisdom, patron of Athens]
   daughter of Zeus, and on your sister, too,   
Artemis, who guards our land and sits    [Artemis = goddess of the hunt, also important to Athens]
    on her glorious round throne in our market place,
 and on Phoebus, who shoots from far away.      [Phoebus = Apollo, sun god]
O you three guardians against death,
appear to me!
     If before now you have ever driven off
  a fiery plague to keep away disaster                                                                 200
   from the city and have banished it,
    then come to us this time as well!

Alas, the pains I bear are numberless—
  my people now all sick with plague,                 [disease / healing theme]
    our minds can find no weapons
   to serve as our defense. Now the offspring
     of our splendid earth no longer grow,             [land infertile]
    nor do our women crying out in labor
 get their relief from a living new-born child.       [people infertile]
    As you can see—one by one they swoop away,                                               210
    off to the shores of the evening god, like birds                      [bird theme]
    faster than fire which no one can resist.

   Our city dies—we’ve lost count of all the dead.
     Her sons lie in the dirt unpitied, unlamented. 
Corpses spread the pestilence, while youthful wives               [disease / pollution metaphor]
 and grey-haired mothers on the altar steps
   wail everywhere and cry in supplication,                      [supplication = prayer, beseechment]
     seeking to relieve their agonizing pain.
   Their solemn chants ring out—
     they mingle with the voices of lament.                                                                 220
  O Zeus’s golden daughter,        [Zeus’s golden daughter = Athena, goddess of wisdom, patron of Athens]
    send your support and strength,
   your lovely countenance!

   And that ravenous Ares, god of killing,        [Ares = god of war, Roman Mars]
  who now consumes me as he charges on    [me: the chorus represents the city and its citizens]
    with no bronze shield but howling battle cries,
  let him turn his back and quickly leave this land,
    with a fair following wind to carry him
     to the great chambers of Amphitrite*                            [Amphitrite = sea goddess]
 or inhospitable waves of Thrace.    [Thrace = homeland of Ares in NE Greece / Turkey]  230
 For if destruction does not come at night,
   then day arrives to see it does its work.
O you who wield that mighty flash of fire,    
   O father Zeus, with your lightning blast        [Zeus also was god of thunder and lightning]
 let Ares be destroyed!

   O Lyceian lord, how I wish those arrows  [Lyceian lord = Apollo with bow & arrow]
from the golden string of your bent bow
  with their all-conquering force would wing out
   to champion us against our enemy,
and the blazing fires of Artemis, as well,        [Artemis as light goddess carried torches]   240
   with which she races through the Lycian hills.
     I call the god who binds his hair with gold,
 the one whose name our country shares*,                  [“name”: Dionysus; see note after choral speech]
  the one to whom the Maenads shout their cries,
Dionysus with his radiant face—
    may he come to us with his flaming torchlight,
 our ally against Ares,
a god dishonored among gods.                 [a god dishonored = Ares, god of war and killing]

[*line 243: “the one whose name our country shares . . . “: Dionysus, the Greek god of wine, agriculture, and the theater, was also called Bacchus, and Thebes was sometimes called Baccheia (belonging to Bacchus). Maenads are followers of Dionysus.]

[Enter OEDIPUS from the palace]

OEDIPUS: You pray. But if you listen now to me,      [you = supplicants, priest, chorus]
you’ll get your wish. Hear what I have to say                                                250
and treat your own disease—then you may hope        [disease metaphor]
to find relief from your distress.
                                                  I shall speak
as one who is a stranger to the story,
a stranger to the crime. If I alone
were tracking down this act, I’d not get far    
without a single clue. That being the case,                    [detective theme]
for it was after the event that I became
a citizen of Thebes, I now proclaim
the following to all of you Cadmeians:              [Cadmeians = Thebans]
Whoever among you knows the man it was                                                  260
who murdered Laius, son of Labdacus,
I order him to reveal it all to me.                    

And if the murderer’s afraid, I tell him
to avoid the danger of the major charge
by speaking out against himself. If so,
he will be sent out from this land unhurt—
and undergo no further punishment.
If someone knows the killer is a stranger, 
from some other state, let him not stay mute.
As well as a reward, he’ll earn my thanks.                                            270
But if he remains quiet, if anyone,
through fear, hides himself or a friend of his
against my orders, here’s what I shall do—
so listen to my words.
                                    For I decree
that no one in this land, in which I rule
as your own king, shall give that killer shelter               [dramatic irony; Oedipus foretells his own fate]
or talk to him, whoever he may be,
or act in concert with him during prayers,
or sacrifice, or sharing lustral water.                                    [lustral water = holy water]   
Ban him from your homes, every one of you,                                                          280
for he is our pollution, as the Pythian god                            [oracle of Apollo at Delphi]
has just revealed to me.
                                       In doing this,
I’m acting as an ally of the god
and of dead Laius, too. And I pray
whoever the man is who did this crime,
one unknown person acting on his own
or with companions, the worst of agonies
will wear out his wretched life. I pray, too,
that, if he should become an honored guest
in my own home and with my knowledge,                                               290
I may suffer all those things I’ve just called down
upon the killers.                                                                      [dramatic irony]
                           And I urge you now
to make sure all these orders take effect,
for my sake, for the sake of the god,
and for our barren, godless, ruined land.
For in this matter, even if a god
were not prompting us, it would not be right
for you to simply leave things as they are,
and not to purify the murder of a man
who was so noble and who was your king.                                                           300

You should have looked into it. But now I
possess the ruling power which Laius held
in earlier days. I have his bed and wife— 
she would have borne his children, if his hopes
to have a son had not been disappointed.                               [dramatic irony]
Children from a common mother might have linked
Laius and myself.
                             But as it turned out,
fate swooped down onto his head. So now I
will fight on his behalf, as if this matter
concerned my father, and I will strive                                    [dramatic irony]           310
to do everything I can to find him,
the man who spilled his blood, and thus avenge
the son of Labdacus and Polydorus,
of Cadmus and Agenor from old times.    [Agenor=forefather of Theban royal family, Laius, Oedipus, etc.]

As for those who do not follow what I urge,
I pray the gods send them no fertile land,
no, nor any children in their women’s wombs—  
may they all perish in our present fate
or one more hateful still. To you others,
you Cadmeians who support my efforts,                                                                   320
may Justice, our ally, and all the gods
attend on us with kindness always.

CHORUS LEADER: My lord, since you extend your oath to me,
I will say this. I am not the murderer,
nor can I tell you who the killer is.
As for what you’re seeking, it’s for Apollo,
who launched this search, to state who did it.

OEDIPUS: That is well said. But no man has power
to force the gods to speak against their will.

CHORUS LEADER: May I then suggest what seems to me                              330
the next best course of action?

OEDIPUS: You may indeed,
and if there is a third course, too, don’t hesitate
to let me know.

CHORUS LEADER: Our lord  Tiresias,                    [ Tiresias = prophet, seer, wise man]
I know, can see into things, like lord Apollo.
From him, my king, a man investigating this
might well find out the details of the crime.

OEDIPUS: I’ve taken care of that—it’s not something
I could overlook. At Creon’s urging,
I have dispatched two messengers to him
and have been wondering for some time now                                                         340
why he has not come.

CHORUS LEADER: Apart from that,
there are rumors—but inconclusive ones       [ rumors = potential clues for detective]
from a long time ago.

OEDIPUS: What kind of rumors?
I’m looking into every story.

CHORUS LEADER: It was said
that Laius was killed by certain travelers.

OEDIPUS: Yes, I heard as much. But no one has seen
the one who did it.

CHORUS LEADER: Well, if the killer
has any fears, once he hears your curses on him,
he will not hold back, for they are serious.

OEDIPUS: When a man has no fear of doing the act,                                           350
he’s not afraid of words.

CHORUS LEADER: No, not in the case
where no one stands there to convict him.
But at last  Tiresias is being guided here,
our god-like prophet, in whom the truth resides
more so than in all other men.

[Enter TIRESIAS led by a small BOY]

OEDIPUS:  Tiresias, 
you who understand all things—what can be taught
and what cannot be spoken of, what goes on
in heaven and here on the earth—you know,
although you cannot see, how sick our state is.                                     [disease theme]
And so we find in you alone, great seer,                                                             360
our shield and savior. For Phoebus Apollo,
in case you have not heard the news, has sent us
an answer to our question: the only cure
for this infecting pestilence is to find                                                      [detective / disease themes]
the men who murdered Laius and kill them
or else expel them from this land as exiles.

So do not withhold from us your prophecies  
in voices of the birds or by some other means.                                      [bird theme]
Save this city and yourself. Rescue me.
Deliver us from this pollution by the dead.                                                      370
We are in your hands. For a mortal man
the finest labor he can do is help
with all his power other human beings.

TIRESIAS: Alas, alas! How dreadful it can be
to have wisdom when it brings no benefit                 [compare Cassandra in Agamemnon]
to the man possessing it. This I knew,
but it had slipped my mind. Otherwise,
I would not have journeyed here.

OEDIPUS: What’s wrong? You’ve come, but seem so sad.

TIRESIAS: Let me go home. You must bear your burden                         380
to the very end, and I will carry mine,
if you’ll agree with me.

OEDIPUS: What you are saying
is not customary and shows little love
toward the city-state that nurtured you,
if you deny us your prophetic voice.

TIRESIAS: I see your words are also out of place.
I do not speak for fear of doing the same.

OEDIPUS: If you know something, then, by heaven,
do not turn away. We are your suppliants—                 [suppliants = petitioners]
all of us—we bend our knees to you.                                                                   390

TIRESIAS: You are all ignorant. I will not reveal
the troubling things inside me, which I can call
your grief as well.

OEDIPUS: What are you saying?
Do you know and will not say? Do you intend
to betray me and destroy the city?              [Oedipus turns suspicious easily; flip-side of detection]

TIRESIAS: I will cause neither me nor you distress.
Why do you vainly question me like this?
You will not learn a thing from me.          [learning motif; compare unwilling witness in detective story]

OEDIPUS: You most disgraceful of disgraceful men!          [Oedipus’s temper; tragic flaw?]
You’d move something made of stone to rage!                                                       400
Will you not speak out? Will your stubbornness
never have an end?

TIRESIAS: You blame my temper,
but do not see the one which lives within you.     [the one = Oedipus’s temper; tragic flaw?]
Instead, you are finding fault with me.

OEDIPUS: What man who listened to these words of yours
would not be enraged—you insult the city!   [classic tragic problem: hero errs by casting his own problems to others]

TIRESIAS: Yet events will still unfold, for all my silence.       [tragic plot / narrative]

OEDIPUS: Since they will come, you must inform me.

TIRESIAS: I will say nothing more. Fume on about it,    ["Fume" = get mad, get steamed]
if you wish, as fiercely as you can.                                                                          410

OEDIPUS: I will. In my anger I will not conceal
just what I make of this. You should know
I get the feeling you conspired in the act,                          [conspiracy theory]
and played your part, as much as you could do,
short of killing him with your own hands.
If you could use your eyes, I would have said
that you had done this work all by yourself.

TIRESIAS: Is that so? Then I would ask you to stand by   
the very words which you yourself proclaimed
and from now on not speak to me or these men.                                      420
For the accursed polluter of this land is you.                   [pollution metaphor + dramatic irony]

OEDIPUS: You dare to utter shameful words like this?
Do you think you can get away with it?

TIRESIAS: I am getting away with it. The truth
within me makes me strong.

OEDIPUS: Who taught you this?
It could not have been your craft.

TIRESIAS: You did.
I did not want to speak, but you incited me.

OEDIPUS: What do you mean? Speak it again,
so I can understand you more precisely.

TIRESIAS: Did you not grasp my words before,   [before: see line 421]                   430
or are you trying to test me with your question?  

OEDIPUS: I did not fully understand your words.
Tell me again.

TIRESIAS: I say that you yourself
are the very man you’re looking for.          [detective theme + irony]

OEDIPUS: That’s twice you’ve stated that disgraceful lie—
something you’ll regret.

TIRESIAS: Shall I tell you more,
so you can grow even more enraged?

OEDIPUS: As much as you desire. It will be useless.

TIRESIAS: I say that, with your dearest family,
unknown to you, you are living in disgrace.                                               440
You have no idea how bad things are.

OEDIPUS: Do you really think you can just speak out,
say things like this, and still remain unpunished?

TIRESIAS: Yes, I can, if the truth has any strength.

OEDIPUS: It does, but not for you. Truth is not in you—
for your ears, your mind, your eyes are blind!

TIRESIAS: You are a wretched fool to use harsh words
which all men soon enough will use to curse you.

OEDIPUS: You live in endless darkness of the night,                   [darkness / light]
so you can never injure me or any man                                                                450
who can glimpse daylight.

TIRESIAS: It is not your fate
to fall because of me. It’s up to Apollo                                           [fate / free will]
to make that happen. He will be enough.

OEDIPUS: Is this something Creon has devised,            [[conspiracy theory + brother-in-law]
or is it your invention?

TIRESIAS: Creon is no threat.
You have made this trouble on your own.

OEDIPUS: O riches, ruling power, skill after skill    
surpassing all in this life’s rivalries,
how much envy you must carry with you,
if, for this kingly office, which the city                                                                  460
gave me, for I did not seek it out,
Creon, my old trusted family friend,
has secretly conspired to overthrow me                       [conspiracy theory]
and paid off a double-dealing quack like this,                [quack = trickster, charlatan]
a crafty bogus priest, who can only see
his own advantage, who in his special art
is absolutely blind.
                               Come on, tell me  
how you have ever given evidence
of your wise prophecy. When the Sphinx,
that singing bitch, was here, you said nothing  [Sphinx as “singing bitch”—see introductory note] 470
to set the people free. Why not? Her riddle
was not something the first man to stroll along
could solve—a prophet was required. And there
the people saw your knowledge was no use—
nothing from birds or picked up from the gods.   [bird theme converges with Tiresia’s augury: divining gods’ will by studying birds]

But then I came, Oedipus, who knew nothing.
Yet I finished her off, using my wits
rather than relying on birds. That’s the man
you want to overthrow, hoping, no doubt,
to stand up there with Creon, once he’s king.                                                         480  
But I think you and your conspirator in this
will regret trying to usurp the state.
If you did not look so old, you’d find
the punishment your arrogance deserves.

CHORUS LEADER: To us it sounds as if  Tiresias
has spoken in anger, and, Oedipus,
you have done so, too. That’s not what we need.
Instead we should be looking into this:
How can we best carry out the god’s decree?

TIRESIAS: You may be king, but I have the right                                                    490
to answer you—and I control that right,
for I am not your slave. I serve Apollo, 
and thus will never stand with Creon,
signed up as his man.
                                    So I say this to you,
since you have chosen to insult my blindness—
you have your eyesight, and you do not see       [blindness: cf. light / darkness theme + irony]
how miserable you are, or where you live,
or who it is who shares your household.
Do you know the family you come from?        [ironic reversal: witness interrogates detective]
Without your knowledge you’ve become                                                                     500
the enemy of your own kindred,
those in the world below and those up here,
and the dreadful feet of that two-edged curse
from father and mother both will drive you
from this land in exile.
                                    Those eyes of yours,
which now can see so clearly, will be dark.
What harbor will not echo with your cries?  
Where on Cithaeron will they not soon be heard,      [Cithaeron = sacred mountain near Athens]
once you have learned the truth about the wedding
by which you sailed into this royal house—                                                                510
a lovely voyage, but the harbor’s doomed?

You’ve no idea of the quantity
of other troubles which will render you
and your own children equals. So go on—
keep insulting Creon and my prophecies,
for among all living mortals no one
will be destroyed more wretchedly than you.

OEDIPUS: Must I tolerate this insolence from him?
Get out, and may the plague get rid of you!    
Off with you! Now! Turn your back and go!                                                                  520
And don’t come back here to my home again.

TIRESIAS: I would not have come, but you summoned me.

OEDIPUS: I did not know you would speak so stupidly.
If I had, you would have waited a long time
before I called you here.

TIRESIAS: I was born like this.
You think I am a fool, but to your parents,
the ones who made you, I was wise enough.

OEDIPUS: Wait! My parents? Who was my father?

TIRESIAS: This day will reveal that and destroy you.

OEDIPUS: Everything you speak is all so cryptic—                                                     530
like a riddle.

TIRESIAS: Well, in solving riddles,                                           [riddle / learning theme]
are you not the best there is?

OEDIPUS: Mock my excellence,
but you will find out I am truly great.

TIRESIAS: That quality of yours now ruins you.                     [tragic flaw]

OEDIPUS: I do not care, if I have saved the city.                 [individual > larger social duty]

TIRESIAS: I will go now. Boy, lead me away.

OEDIPUS: Yes, let him guide you back. You’re in the way.
If you stay, you’ll just provoke me. Once you’re gone,
you won’t annoy me further.

TIRESIAS: I’m going.
But first I shall tell you why I came.                                                                              540
I do not fear the face of your displeasure—
there is no way you can destroy me. I tell you,
the man you have been seeking all this time,
while proclaiming threats and issuing orders  
about the one who murdered Laius—
that man is here.  
                             According to reports,
he is a stranger who lives here in Thebes.
But he will prove to be a native Theban.
From that change he will derive no pleasure.
He will be blind, although he now can see.                                                    550
He will be a poor, although he now is rich.
He will set off for a foreign country,
groping the ground before him with a stick.

And he will turn out to be the brother              [classic expression of Oedipal conflict / condition]
of the children in his house—their father, too,
both at once, and the husband and the son
of the very woman who gave birth to them.
He sowed the same womb as his father
and murdered him. Go in and think on this. 
If you discover I have spoken falsely,                                                                          560
you can say I lack all skill in prophecy.

[Exit  TIRESIAS led off by the BOY.

[OEDIPUS turns and goes back into the palace]

CHORUS: Speaking from the Delphic rock                                  [site of the oracle at Delphi]
the oracular voice intoned a name.
But who is the man, the one
who with his blood-red hands
has done unspeakable brutality?
The time has come for him to flee—
to move his powerful foot
more swiftly than those hooves
on horses riding on the storm.                                                                                     570
Against him Zeus’s son now springs,                                   [Zeus’s son = Apollo]
armed with lightning fire and leading on
the inexorable and terrifying Furies.                                     [Furies = vengeful spirits]

From the snowy peaks of Mount Parnassus                    [mountain visible from Athens]
the message has just flashed, ordering all
to seek the one whom no one knows.                     [irony]
Like a wild bull he wanders now,
hidden in the untamed wood,
through rocks and caves, alone
with his despair on joyless feet,                                                                  580
keeping his distance from that doom
uttered at earth’s central navel stone.                               [Delphi = earth’s navel]
But that fatal oracle still lives,
hovering above his head forever.

That wise interpreter of prophecies
stirs up my fears, unsettling dread.
I cannot approve of what he said
and I cannot deny it.                                          [complex reality of tragedy]
I am confused. What shall I say?
My hopes flutter here and there,                                                     [bird theme]
with no clear glimpse of past or future.                                                           590
I have never heard of any quarrelling,
past or present, between those two,
the house of Labdacus and Polybus’s son,
which could give me evidence enough
to undermine the fame of Oedipus,
as he seeks vengeance for the unsolved murder
for the family of Labdacus.

[In line 593 above, "Polybus" is ruler of Corinth, who raised Oedipus and thus is believed to be Oedipus's father. The "house of Labdacus" is the Theban royal family (i.e., Laius &, by marriage, Jocasta and Creon).]

Apollo and Zeus are truly wise—
they understand what humans do.
But there is no sure way to ascertain                                                       600
if human prophets grasp things any more
than I do, although in wisdom one man     
may leave another far behind.
But until I see the words confirmed,
I will not approve of any man
who censures Oedipus, for it was clear
when that winged Sphinx went after him
he was a wise man then. We witnessed it.
He passed the test and endeared himself
to all the city. So in my thinking now                                                          610   
he never will be guilty of a crime.

[Enter CREON]

CREON: You citizens, I have just discovered
that Oedipus, our king, has leveled charges
against me, disturbing allegations.                              [see line 480]
That I cannot bear, so I have come here.

In these present troubles, if he believes
that he has suffered any injury from me,
in word or deed, then I have no desire
to continue living into ripe old age
still bearing his reproach. For me                                                                  620
the injury produced by this report
is no single isolated matter— 
no, it has the greatest scope of all,
if I end up being called a wicked man
here in the city, a bad citizen,
by you and by my friends. 

[Instructor's note: The passage above exemplifies an aspect of tragedy’s “greatness” in that problems of tragic heroes are not just personal problems but affect the entire city, state, or society.  Compare lines 435-6 above:  Tiresias: That quality of yours now ruins you. / OEDIPUS: I do not care, if I have saved the city.]

CHORUS LEADER: Perhaps he charged you                       [he = Oedipus]
spurred on by the rash power of his rage,
rather than his mind’s true judgment.

CREON: Was it publicized that my opinions
convinced  Tiresias to utter lies?                                                                                630

CHORUS LEADER: That’s what was said. I have no idea
just what that meant.

CREON: Did he accuse me
and announce the charges with a steady gaze,
in a normal state of mind?

CHORUS LEADER: I do not know. 
What those in power do, I do not see.
But he’s approaching from the palace—
here he comes in person.

[Enter OEDIPUS from the palace]

OEDIPUS: You! How did you get here?                 ["You!" = Creon, Oedipus's brother-in-law]
Has your face grown so bold you now come
to my own home—you who are obviously
the murderer of the man whose house it was,                                                     640
a thief who clearly wants to steal my throne?

Come, in the name of all the gods, tell me this—
did you plan to do it because you thought
I was a coward or a fool? Or did you think
I would not learn about your actions
as they crept up on me with such deceit—
or that, if I knew, I could not deflect them?
This attempt of yours, is it not madness—
to chase after the king’s place without friends,
without a horde of men, to seek a goal                                                                  650
which only gold or factions could attain?                         [gold or factions = bribes or gangs]

CREON: Will you listen to me? It’s your turn now              [classic in-law talk]
to hear me make a suitable response.
Once you know, then judge me for yourself.

OEDIPUS: You are a clever talker. But from you
I will learn nothing. I know you now—
a troublemaker, an enemy of mine.

CREON: At least first listen to what I have to say.

OEDIPUS: There’s one thing you do not have to tell me—
you have betrayed me.  [flip-side of Oedipus's problem-solving is paranoia, conspiracy-thinking]

CREON: If you think being stubborn                                                               660
and forgetting common sense is wise,                  [learning / understanding theme]
then you’re not thinking as you should.    

OEDIPUS: And if you think you can act to injure
a man who is a relative of yours                           [dramatic irony]
and escape without a penalty
then you’re not thinking as you should.

CREON: I agree. What you’ve just said makes sense.
So tell me the nature of the damage
you claim you’re suffering because of me.

OEDIPUS: Did you or did you not persuade me                                            670
to send for  Tiresias, that prophet?

CREON: Yes. And I’d still give you the same advice.

OEDIPUS: How long is it since Laius . . . [pauses]

CREON: Did what?
What’s Laius got to do with anything?

OEDIPUS: . . . since Laius was carried off and disappeared,
since he was killed so brutally?

CREON: That was long ago—
many years have passed since then.

OEDIPUS: At that time,
was  Tiresias as skilled in prophecy?

CREON: Then, as now, he was honored for his wisdom.

OEDIPUS: And back then did he ever mention me?                                                680

CREON: No, never—not while I was with him.

OEDIPUS: Did you not investigate the killing?

CREON: Yes, of course we did. But we found nothing.

OEDIPUS: Why did this man, this wise man, not speak up?

CREON: I do not know. And when I don’t know something,
I like to keep my mouth shut.

OEDIPUS: You know enough— 
at least you understand enough to say . . .

CREON: What? If I really do know something
I will not deny it.

OEDIPUS:  If  Tiresias
were not working with you, he would not name me                                              690
as the one who murdered Laius.

CREON: If he says this,
well, you’re the one who knows. But I think
the time has come for me to question you      [question you . . . questioning me = detective theme]
the way that you’ve been questioning me.

OEDIPUS: Ask all you want. You’ll not prove
that I’m the murderer.

CREON: Then tell me this—
are you not married to my sister?                                                  [counter-interrogation]

OEDIPUS: Since you ask me, yes. I don’t deny that.

CREON: And you two rule this land as equals?

OEDIPUS: Whatever she desires, she gets from me.                                          700 

CREON: And am I not third, equal to you both?

OEDIPUS: That’s what makes your friendship so deceitful.

CREON: No, not if you think this through, as I do.               [learning / understanding motif]
First, consider this. In your view, would anyone
prefer to rule and have to cope with fear
rather than live in peace, carefree and safe,
if his powers were the same?
                                               I, for one,
have no natural desire to be king
in preference to performing royal acts.
The same is true of any other man                                                                710
whose understanding grasps things properly.
For now I get everything I want from you,
but without the fear.
                                 If I were king myself,
I’d be doing many things against my will.
So how can being a king be sweeter to me
than royal power without anxiety?
I am not yet so mistaken in my mind
that I want things which bring no benefits.

Now I greet all men, and they all welcome me.
Those who wish to get something from you                                                           720
now flatter me, since I’m the one who brings
success in what they want. So why would I
give up such benefits for something else?
A mind that’s wise will not turn treacherous. 

It’s not my nature to love such policies.
And if another man pursued such things,
I’d not work with him. I couldn’t bear to.
If you want proof of this, then go to Delphi.
Ask the prophet if I brought back to you
exactly what was said.
                                     At that point,                                                                       730
if you discover I have planned something,
that I’ve conspired with  Tiresias,
then arrest me and have me put to death,
not just on your own authority,
but on mine as well, a double judgment.

Do not condemn me on an unproved charge.
It's not fair to judge these things by guesswork,
to assume bad men are good or good men bad. 
In my view, to throw away a noble friend
is like a man who parts with his own life,                                                                 740
the thing most dear to him. Give it some time.
Then you’ll see clearly, since only time
can fully validate a man who’s true.
A bad man is exposed in just one day.                           [dramatic irony + foreshadowing]

CHORUS LEADER: For a man concerned about being killed,
my lord, he has spoken eloquently.
Those who are unreliable give rash advice.

OEDIPUS: If some conspirator moves against me,
in secret and with speed, I must be quick
to make my counter plans. If I just rest                                                                     750
and wait for him to act, then he’ll succeed 
in what he wants to do, and I’ll be finished.

CREON: What do you want—to exile me from here?

OEDIPUS: No. I want you to die, not just run off—
so I can demonstrate what envy means.

CREON: You are determined not to change your mind
or listen to me?                                         [like Agamemnon & Pentheus, Oedipus errs by becoming unreceptive]

OEDIPUS: You’ll not convince me,
for there’s no way that I can trust you.

CREON: I can see that you’ve become unbalanced.

OEDIPUS: I’m sane enough to defend my interests.                                               760

CREON: You should be protecting mine as well.

OEDIPUS: But you’re a treacherous man. It’s your nature.

CREON: What if you are wrong?

OEDIPUS: I still have to govern.

CREON: Not if you do it badly.

OEDIPUS: Oh Thebes—
my city!

CREON: I have some rights in Thebes as well—
it is not yours alone.

[The palace doors open]

CHORUS LEADER: My lords, an end to this.
I see Jocasta coming from the palace,    
and just in time. With her assistance
you should bring this quarrel to a close.

[Enter JOCASTA from the palace] [Jocasta = Oedipus’s wife / mother, Creon’s sister, queen of Thebes]

JOCASTA: You foolish men, why are you arguing                                       770
in such a silly way? With our land so sick,
are you not ashamed to start a private fight?
You, Oedipus, go in the house, and you,
Creon, return to yours. Why blow up
a trivial matter into something huge? [The men identify their status with the city-state, while Jocasta reduces the argument to a personal or “trivial matter.”]

CREON: Sister, your husband Oedipus intends
to punish me in one of two dreadful ways—  
to banish me from my fathers’ country
or arrest me and then have me killed.

OEDIPUS: That’s right.
Lady, I caught him committing treason,                                                  780
conspiring against my royal authority.                            [conspiracy as false plot]

CREON: Let me not prosper but die a man accursed,
if I have done what you accuse me of.

JOCASTA: Oedipus,
for the sake of the gods, trust him in this.
Respect that oath he made before all heaven—
do it for my sake and for those around you.

CHORUS LEADER: I beg you, my lord, consent to this—
agree with her.

OEDIPUS: What is it then
you’re asking me to do?

CHORUS LEADER: Pay Creon due respect.
He has not been foolish in the past, and now                                           790
that oath he’s sworn has power.

OEDIPUS: Are you aware
just what you’re asking?

CHORUS LEADER: Yes. I understand.

OEDIPUS: Then tell me exactly what you’re saying.

CHORUS LEADER: You should not accuse a friend of yours
and thus dishonour him with a mere story
which may not be true, when he’s sworn an oath
and therefore could be subject to a curse.

OEDIPUS: By this point you should clearly understand,
when you request this, what you are doing—
seeking to exile me from Thebes or kill me.                                                         800

CHORUS LEADER: No, no, by sacred Helios, the god                             [Helios = Apollo]
who stands pre-eminent before the rest,
may I die the most miserable of deaths,
abandoned by the gods and by my friends,
if I have ever harbored such a thought!
But the destruction of our land wears down
the troubled heart within me—and so does this,
if you two add new problems to the ones
which have for so long been afflicting  us.

OEDIPUS: Let him go, then, even though it’s clear                                              810
I must be killed or sent from here in exile,
forced out in disgrace. I have been moved
to act compassionately by what you said,
not by Creon’s words. But if he stays here,
he will be hateful to me.

CREON: You are obstinate—
obviously unhappy to concede,                       [unhappy to concede = grudging any compromise]
and when you lose your temper, you go too far. [tragic flaw / hamartia (error) / hubris (excess, pride)]
But men like that find it most difficult
to tolerate themselves. In that there’s justice.

OEDIPUS: Why not go—just leave me alone?

CREON: I’ll leave—                                                                                               820
since I see you do not understand me.
But these men here know I’m a reasonable man.

[Exit CREON away from the palace,

[leaving OEDIPUS and JOCASTA and the CHORUS on stage]

CHORUS LEADER: Lady, will you escort our king inside?

JOCASTA: Yes, once I have learned what happened here.                  [learning theme]

CHORUS LEADER: They talked—
their words gave rise to uninformed suspicions,
an all-consuming lack of proper justice.

JOCASTA: From both of them?

CHORUS LEADER: Yes.

JOCASTA: What caused it?

CHORUS LEADER: With our country already in distress,
it is enough, it seems to me, enough
to leave things as they are.

OEDIPUS: Now do you see                                                                               830
the point you’ve reached thanks to your noble wish
to dissolve and dull my firmer purpose? [The Chorus’s desire not to make a bad situation worse prevents Oedipus from resolving the crisis.]

CHORUS LEADER: My lord, I have declared it more than once, 
so you must know it would have been quite mad
if I abandoned you, who, when this land,
my cherished Thebes, was in great trouble,
set it right again and who, in these harsh times
which now consume us, should prove a trusty guide.

JOCASTA: By all the gods, my king, let me know
why in this present crisis you now feel                                                           840
such unremitting rage.

OEDIPUS: To you I’ll speak, lady, 
since I respect you more than I do these men.
It’s Creon’s fault. He conspired against me.

JOCASTA: In this quarrel what was said? Tell me.

OEDIPUS: Creon claims that I’m the murderer—
that I killed Laius.

JOCASTA: Does he know this first-hand,
or has he picked it up from someone else?

OEDIPUS: No. He set up that treasonous prophet.      [treasonous prophet =  Tiresias]
What he says himself sounds innocent.

JOCASTA: All right, forget about those things you’ve said.                                   850
Listen to me, and ease your mind with this—
no human being has skill in prophecy.
I’ll show you why with this example.  

King Laius once received a prophecy.
I won’t say it came straight from Apollo,
but it was from those who do assist the god.
It said Laius was fated to be killed
by a child conceived by him and me.

Now, at least according to the story,
one day Laius was killed by foreigners,                                                                   860
by robbers, at a place where three roads meet.
Besides, before our child was three days old,
Laius fused his ankles tight together                    [The name Oedipus means “swollen foot”]
and ordered other men to throw him out
on a mountain rock where no one ever goes.

And so Apollo’s plan that he’d become   
the one who killed his father didn’t work,
and Laius never suffered what he feared,
that his own son would be his murderer,
although that’s what the oracle had claimed.                                                            870

So don’t concern yourself with prophecies.
Whatever gods intend to bring about
they themselves make known quite easily.

OEDIPUS: Lady, as I listen to these words of yours,
my soul is shaken, my mind confused . . .        [recognition scene begins]

JOCASTA: Why do you say that? What’s worrying you?

OEDIPUS: I thought I heard you say that Laius
was murdered at a place where three roads meet.

JOCASTA: That’s what was said and people still believe.

OEDIPUS: Where is this place? Where did it happen?                           880

JOCASTA: In a land called Phocis. Two roads lead there— [Phocis = district of central Greece]
one from Delphi and one from Daulia.                  [Daulia or Davlia = town on Mount Parnassus]

OEDIPUS: How long is it since these events took place?

JOCASTA: The story was reported in the city
just before you took over royal power
here in Thebes.

OEDIPUS: Oh Zeus, what have you done?                               [free will vs. fate theme]
What have you planned for me?

JOCASTA: What is it,
Oedipus? Why is your spirit so troubled?

OEDIPUS: Not yet,   
no questions yet. Tell me this—Laius,
how tall was he? How old a man?                                                           890

JOCASTA: He was big—his hair was turning white.
In shape he was not all that unlike you.     [cf. family resemblance in Homecoming / Mourning Becomes Electra]

OEDIPUS: The worse for me! I may have just set myself
under a dreadful curse without my knowledge!

JOCASTA: What do you mean? As I look at you, my king,
I start to tremble.

OEDIPUS: I am afraid,
full of terrible fears the prophet sees.
But you can reveal this better if you now
will tell me one thing more.

JOCASTA: I’m shaking,
but if you ask me, I will answer you.                                                                      900

OEDIPUS: Did Laius have a small escort with him 
or a troop of soldiers, like a royal king?

JOCASTA: Five men, including a herald, went with him.
A carriage carried Laius. 

OEDIPUS:   Alas! Alas!
It’s all too clear! Lady, who told you this?

JOCASTA: A servant—the only one who got away.
He came back here.

OEDIPUS: Is there any chance
he’s in our household now?

JOCASTA:    No.
Once he returned and understood that you
had now assumed the power of slaughtered Laius,                                                  910
he clasped my hands, begged me to send him off
to where our animals graze out in the fields,
so he could be as far away as possible
from the sight of town. And so I sent him.
He was a slave but he'd earned my gratitude.
He deserved an even greater favor.

OEDIPUS: I’d like him to return back here to us,
and quickly, too.

JOCASTA: That can be arranged—
but why is that something you would want to do?

OEDIPUS: Lady, I’m afraid I may have said too much.                                          920
That’s why I want to see him here in front of me.

JOCASTA: Then he will be here. But now, my lord,
I deserve to learn why you are so distressed. 

OEDIPUS: My forebodings now have grown so great
I will not keep them from you, for who is there
I should confide in rather than in you
about such a twisted turn of fortune.

My father was Polybus of Corinth,
my mother Merope, a Dorian.
There I was regarded as the finest man                                                                 930
in all the city, until, as chance would have it,
something really astonishing took place,
though it was not worth what it caused me to do.

At a dinner there a man who was quite drunk
from too much wine began to shout at me,
claiming I was not my father’s real son. 
That troubled me, but for a day at least
I said nothing, though it was difficult.

The next day I went to ask my parents,
my father and my mother. They were angry                                                           940
at the man who had insulted them this way,
so I was reassured. But nonetheless,
the accusation always troubled me—
the story had become well known all over.

And so I went in secret off to Delphi.
I didn’t tell my mother or my father.
Apollo sent me back without an answer,
so I didn’t learn what I had come to find.

But when he spoke he uttered monstrous things,                  [he = oracle of Apollo]
strange terrors and horrific miseries—                                                                    950
it was my fate to defile my mother’s bed,
to bring forth to men a human family
that people could not bear to look upon,
to murder the father who engendered me.

When I heard that, I ran away from Corinth.
From then on I thought of it just as a place
beneath the stars. I went to other lands,
so I would never see that prophecy fulfilled,
the abomination of my evil fate.
In my traveling I came across that place                                                                    960
in which you say your king was murdered.

And now, lady, I will tell you the truth.    
As I was on the move, I passed close by
a spot where three roads meet, and in that place
I met a herald and a horse-drawn carriage.
Inside there was a man like you described.
The guide there tried to force me off the road—
and the old man, too, got personally involved.
In my rage, I lashed out at the driver,
who was shoving me aside.
                                              The old man,                                                            970
seeing me walking past him in the carriage,
kept his eye on me, and with his double whip
struck me on my head, right here on top.
Well, I retaliated in good measure— 
I hit him a quick blow with the staff I held
and knocked him from his carriage to the road.
He lay there on his back. Then I killed them all.                   [Oedipus's tragic flaw of excess, temper, fast solution]

If that stranger was somehow linked to Laius,
who is now more unfortunate than me?
What man could be more hateful to the gods?                                                         980
No stranger and no citizen can welcome him
into their lives or speak to him. Instead,
they must keep him from their doors, a curse
I laid upon myself. With these hands of mine,
these killer’s hands, I now contaminate
the dead man’s bed. Am I not depraved?
Am I not utterly abhorrent?

Now I must fly into exile and there,
a fugitive, never see my people,
never set foot in my native land again—                                                                    990
or else I must get married to my mother
and kill my father, Polybus, who raised me,
the man who gave me life.
                                           If anyone
claimed this came from some malevolent god,              [malevolent = cruel]
would he not be right? O you gods,                               [fate vs. free will theme]
you pure, blessed gods, may I not see that day!  
Let me rather vanish from the sight of men,
before I see a fate like that roll over me.

CHORUS LEADER: My lord, to us these things are ominous.
But you must sustain your hope until you hear                                                   1000
the servant who was present at the time.

OEDIPUS: I do have some hope left, at least enough
to wait for the man we’ve summoned from the fields.

JOCASTA: Once he comes, what do you hope to hear?

OEDIPUS: I’ll tell you. If we discover what he says
matches what you say, then I’ll escape disaster.  

JOCASTA: What was so remarkable in what I said?

OEDIPUS: You said that in his story the man claimed
Laius was murdered by a band of thieves.
If he still says that there were several men,                                                       1010
then I was not the killer, since one man
could never be mistaken for a crowd.
But if he says it was a single man,
then I’m the one responsible for this.

JOCASTA: Well, that’s certainly what he reported then.
He cannot now withdraw what he once said.
The whole city heard him, not just me alone. 
But even if he changes that old news,
he cannot ever demonstrate, my lord,
that Laius’s murder fits the prophecy.                                                                 1020

For Apollo clearly said the man would die            [the man = King Laius, Jocasta’s first husband]
at the hands of an infant born from me.
Now, how did that unhappy son of ours
kill Laius, when he’d perished long before?
So as far as these oracular sayings go,
I would not look for confirmation anywhere.

OEDIPUS: You’re right in what you say. But nonetheless,
send for that peasant. Don’t fail to do that.    

JOCASTA: I’ll call him here as quickly as I can.
Let’s go inside. I’ll not do anything                                                                    1030
which does not meet with your approval.

[OEDIPUS and JOCASTA go into the palace together]

1st reading assignment for Oedipus the King ends here.

CHORUS: I pray fate still finds me worthy,
demonstrating piety and reverence
in all I say and do—in everything
our loftiest traditions consecrate,
those laws engendered in the heavenly skies,
whose only father is Olympus.                                 [Olympus = home of the Greek gods]
They were not born from mortal men,                      [they = laws]
nor will they sleep and be forgotten.   
In them lives an ageless mighty god.     [i.e., laws are divine and unchanging]    1040

Insolence gives birth to tyranny—                          [insolence = arrogance]
that insolence which vainly crams itself
and overflows with so much stuff                   [tragic flaw / hamartia = excess?] 
beyond what’s right or beneficial,
that once it’s climbed the highest rooftop,
it’s hurled down by force—such a quick fall
there’s no safe landing on one’s feet.
But I pray the god never will abolish
the rivalry so beneficial to our state. 
That god I will hold on to always,              [that god = Apollo]                          1050
the one who stands as our protector.

[Translator’s note on preceding passage: “This part of the choral song makes an important distinction between two forms of self-assertive action: the first breeds self-aggrandizement and greed; the second is necessary for the protection of the state.”]

But if a man conducts himself
disdainfully in what he says and does,                           [disdainfully = contemptuously]
and manifests no fear of righteousness,
no reverence for the statues of the gods,
may miserable fate seize such a man
for his disastrous arrogance,
if he does not behave with justice
when he strives to benefit himself,
appropriates all things impiously,                                                                  1060
and, like a fool, profanes the sacred.
What man is there who does such things
who can still claim he will ward off
the arrow of the gods aimed at his heart?
If such actions are considered worthy,
why should we dance to honor god?

No longer will I go in reverence
to the sacred stone, earth’s very centre,            [i.e., Delphi as navel of world; line 582 above]
or to the temple at Abae or Olympia, 
if these prophecies fail to be fulfilled                                                                      1070
and manifest themselves to mortal men.
But you, all-conquering, all-ruling Zeus,                       [Zeus = ruler of the Greek gods]
if by right those names belong to you,
let this not evade you and your ageless might.
For ancient oracles which dealt with Laius
are withering—men now set them aside.
Nowhere is Apollo honored publicly,
and our religious faith is dying away.  

[JOCASTA enters from the palace and moves to an altar to Apollo which stands outside the palace doors. She is accompanied by one or two SERVANTS]

JOCASTA: You leading men of Thebes, I think
it is appropriate for me to visit                                                                         1080
our god’s sacred shrine, bearing in my hands
this garland and an offering of incense.
For Oedipus has let excessive pain
seize on his heart and does not understand
what’s happening now by thinking of the past,
like a man with sense. Instead he listens to
whoever speaks to him of dreadful things.
I can do nothing more for him with my advice,
and so, Lycean Apollo, I come to you,
who stand here beside us, a suppliant,       [suppliant = petitioner, seeker of aid]  1090 
with offerings and prayers for you to find
some way of cleansing what corrupts us.                [pollution / cleansing metaphor]
For now we are afraid, just like those
who on a ship see their helmsman terrified.

[JOCASTA sets her offerings on the altar. A MESSENGER enters, an older man]

MESSENGER: Strangers, can you tell me where I find
the house of Oedipus, your king? Better yet,
if you know, can you tell me where he is?

CHORUS LEADER: His home is here, stranger, and he’s inside.
This lady is the mother of his children.

MESSENGER: May her happy home always be blessed,                                  1100
for she is his queen, true mistress of his house.  

JOCASTA: I wish the same for you, stranger. Your fine words
make you deserve as much. But tell us now
why you have come. Do you seek information,
or do you wish to give us some report?

MESSENGER: Lady, I have good news for your whole house—           [dramatic irony]
and for your husband, too.

JOCASTA: What news is that?
Where have you come from?

MESSENGER: I’ve come from Corinth.                  [Corinth:where Oedipus grew up]
I’ll give you my report at once, and then
you will, no doubt, be glad, although perhaps                                                    1110
you will be sad, as well.

JOCASTA: What is your news?
How can it have two such effects at once?

MESSENGER: The people who live there, in the lands
beside the Isthmus, will make him their king.                [him = Oedipus]
They have announced it. 

[Translator’s note on preceding passage: Isthmus: The city of Corinth stood on the narrow stretch of land (the Isthmus) connecting the Peloponnese with mainland Greece, a very strategic position.]

JOCASTA: What are you saying?
Is old man Polybus no longer king?

MESSENGER: No. He’s dead and in his grave.

JOCASTA:  What?
Has Oedipus’s father died?

MESSENGER:    Yes.
If what I’m telling you is not the truth,
then I deserve to die.

JOCASTA: [to a servant] You there—                                                                  1120
go at once and tell this to your master.

[SERVANT goes into the palace]

Oh, you oracles of the gods, so much for you.
Oedipus has for so long been afraid
that he would murder him. He ran away.
Now Polybus has died, killed by fate
and not by Oedipus.

[Enter OEDIPUS from the palace]

OEDIPUS: Ah, Jocasta,
my dearest wife, why have you summoned me
to leave our home and come out here?

JOCASTA: You must hear this man, and as you listen,
decide for yourself what these prophecies,                                                            1130
these solemn proclamations from the gods,
amount to.

OEDIPUS: Who is this man? What report
does he have for me?

JOCASTA: He comes from Corinth,
bringing news that Polybus, your father,
no longer is alive. He’s dead.

OEDIPUS: What?
Stranger, let me hear from you in person.

MESSENGER: If I must first report my news quite plainly,
then I should let you know that Polybus
has passed away. He’s gone.

OEDIPUS: By treachery,
or was it the result of some disease?                                                                     1140 

MESSENGER: With old bodies a slight weight on the scales
brings final peace.

OEDIPUS: Apparently his death
was from an illness?

MESSENGER: Yes, and from old age.

OEDIPUS: Alas! Indeed, lady, why should any man            ["lady" = Jocasta]
pay due reverence to Apollo’s shrine,
where his prophet lives, or to those birds
which scream out overhead? For they foretold
that I was going to murder my own father.
But now he’s dead and lies beneath the earth,
and I am here. I never touched my spear.                                                           1150
Perhaps he died from a desire to see me—
so in that sense I brought about his death.
But as for those prophetic oracles,
they’re worthless. Polybus has taken them
to Hades, where he lies.                                         [Hades = the underworld of the dead]

JOCASTA: Was I not the one
who predicted this some time ago?

OEDIPUS: You did,
but then I was misguided by my fears.

JOCASTA: You must not keep on filling up your heart
with all these things.

OEDIPUS: But my mother’s bed—
I am afraid of that. And surely I should be?                                                        1160

JOCASTA: Why should a man whose life seems ruled by chance
live in fear—a man who never looks ahead,
who has no certain vision of his future?
It’s best to live haphazardly, as best one can.
Do not worry you will wed your mother.  
It’s true that in their dreams a lot of men                 [> Freud’s Oedipus Complex]
have slept with their own mothers, but someone    [> Freud’s Oedipus Complex]
who ignores all this bears life more easily.             [popular reaction to Oedipus Complex]

OEDIPUS: Everything you say would be commendable,
if my mother were not still alive.                                                                           1170
But since she is, I must remain afraid,
although what you are saying is right.

JOCASTA: But still,
your father’s death is a great comfort to us.

OEDIPUS: Yes, it is good, I know. But I do fear
that lady—she is still alive.

MESSENGER: This one you fear,
what kind of woman is she?

OEDIPUS: Old man,
her name is Merope, wife to Polybus.

MESSENGER: And what in her makes you so fearful?

OEDIPUS: Stranger,
a dreadful prophecy sent from the god.

MESSENGER: Is it well known? Or something private,                                     1180
which another person has no right to know?

OEDIPUS: No, no. It’s public knowledge. Loxias      [Loxias = another name for Apollo]
once said it was my fate that I would marry
my own mother and shed my father’s blood
with my own hands. That’s why, many years ago,
I left my home in Corinth. Things turned out well,
but nonetheless it gives the sweetest joy
to look into the eyes of one’s own parents.

MESSENGER: And because you were afraid of her 
you stayed away from Corinth?

OEDIPUS: And because                                                                                      1190
I did not want to be my father’s killer.

MESSENGER: My lord, since I came to make you happy,
why don’t I relieve you of this fear?                                               [dramatic irony]

OEDIPUS: You would receive from me a worthy thanks.

MESSENGER: That’s really why I came—so your return
might prove a benefit to me back home.

OEDIPUS: But I will never go back to my parents.

MESSENGER: My son, it is so clear you have no idea
what you are doing . . .                                                                        [dramatic irony]

OEDIPUS: [interrupting] What do you mean, old man?
In the name of all the gods, tell me.                                                                 1200

MESSENGER: . . . if that’s the reason you’re a fugitive   
and won’t go home.

OEDIPUS: I feared Apollo’s prophecy
might reveal itself in me.

MESSENGER: You were afraid
you might become corrupted through your parents?

OEDIPUS: That’s right, old man. That was my constant fear.

MESSENGER: Are you aware these fears of yours are groundless?

OEDIPUS: And why is that? If I was born their child . . .

MESSENGER: Because you and Polybus were not related.

OEDIPUS: What do you mean? Was not Polybus my father?

MESSENGER: He was as much your father as this man here,                          1210
no more, no less.

OEDIPUS: But how can any man
who means nothing to me be the same
as my own father?

MESSENGER: But Polybus
was not your father, no more than I am. 

OEDIPUS: Then why did he call me his son?

MESSENGER: If you must know,
he received you many years ago as a gift.
I gave you to him.

OEDIPUS: He really loved me.
How could he if I came from someone else?

MESSENGER: Well, before you came, he had no children—
that made him love you.

OEDIPUS: When you gave me to him,                                                                    1220
had you bought me or found me by accident?

MESSENGER: I found you in Cithaeron’s forest valleys. [Cithaeron=sacred mountain near Athens]

OEDIPUS: What were you doing wandering up there?

MESSENGER: I was looking after flocks of sheep.

OEDIPUS: You were a shepherd, just a hired servant
roaming here and there?

MESSENGER: Yes, my son, I was.
But at that time I was the one who saved you.

OEDIPUS: When you picked me up and took me off,
what sort of suffering was I going through?

MESSENGER: The ankles on your feet could tell you that.                                    1230

OEDIPUS: Ah, my old misfortune. Why mention that?

MESSENGER: Your ankles had been pierced and tied together.
I set them free.

OEDIPUS: My dreadful mark of shame—
I’ve had that scar there since I was a child.

MESSENGER: That’s why fortune gave you your very name,
the one which you still carry.                          [The name Oedipus means “swollen foot”]

OEDIPUS: Tell me,
in the name of heaven, why did my parents,
my father or my mother, do this to me?

MESSENGER: I don’t know. The man who gave you to me
knows more of that than I do.

OEDIPUS: You mean to say                                                                               1240
you got me from someone else? It wasn’t you
who stumbled on me?

MESSENGER: No, it wasn’t me.
Another shepherd gave you to me.

OEDIPUS: Who?
Who was he? Do you know? Can you tell me
any details, ones you know for certain?

MESSENGER: Well, I think he was one of Laius’s servants—
that’s what people said.

OEDIPUS: You mean king Laius,
the one who ruled this country years ago?

MESSENGER: That’s right. He was one of the king’s shepherds.

OEDIPUS: Is he still alive? Can I still see him?                                                         1250

MESSENGER: You people live here. You’d best answer that.

OEDIPUS: [turning to the Chorus]  Do any of you here now know the man,
this shepherd he describes? Have you seen him,
either in the fields or here in Thebes?
Answer me. It’s critical, time at last
to find out what this means. 

CHORUS LEADER: The man he mentioned
is, I think, the very peasant from the fields
you wanted to see earlier. But of this
Jocasta could tell more than anyone.

OEDIPUS: Lady, do you know the man we sent for—      ["lady" = Jocasta]            1260
just minutes ago—the one we summoned here?
Is he the one this messenger refers to?

JOCASTA: Why ask me what he means? Forget all that.          [Jocasta's recognition begins]
There’s no point in trying to sort out what he said.

OEDIPUS: With all these indications of the truth
here in my grasp, I cannot end this now.
I must reveal the details of my birth.

JOCASTA: In the name of the gods, no! If you have 
some concern for your own life, then stop!
Do not keep investigating this.                  [investigating = detective / learning themes; tragic flaw]       1270
I will suffer—that will be enough.

OEDIPUS: Be brave. Even if I should turn out to be
born from a shameful mother, whose family
for three generations have been slaves,
you will still have your noble lineage.

JOCASTA: Listen to me, I beg you. Do not do this.

OEDIPUS: I will not be convinced I should not learn
the whole truth of what these facts amount to.

JOCASTA: But I care about your own well being—
what I tell you is for your benefit.                                                                          1280

OEDIPUS: What you’re telling me for my own good
just brings me more distress.

JOCASTA: Oh, you unhappy man!
May you never find out who you really are!

OEDIPUS: [to Chorus] Go, one of you, and bring that shepherd here.
Leave the lady to enjoy her noble family.

JOCASTA: Alas, you poor miserable man!
There’s nothing more that I can say to you.
And now I’ll never speak again.

[JOCASTA runs into the palace]

CHORUS LEADER: Why has the queen rushed off, Oedipus,
so full of grief? I fear a disastrous storm                                                           1290
will soon break through her silence.

OEDIPUS: Then let it break,
whatever it is. As for myself,
no matter how base-born my family,
I wish to know the seed from where I came.
Perhaps my queen is now ashamed of me
and of my insignificant origin—
she likes to play the noble lady.
But I will never feel myself dishonored. 
I see myself as a child of fortune—
and she is generous, that mother of mine                                                          1300
from whom I spring, and the months, my siblings,
have seen me by turns both small and great.
That’s how I was born. I cannot change
to someone else, nor can I ever cease
from seeking out the facts of my own birth.                     [fate or free will? tragic flaw?]

CHORUS: If I have any power of prophecy
or skill in knowing things,
then, by the Olympian deities,
you, Cithaeron, at tomorrow’s moon          [you, Cithaeron: the chorus addresses the mountain]
will surely know that Oedipus                                                                                  1310
pays tribute to you as his native land
both as his mother and his nurse,
and that our choral dance and song
acknowledge you because you are
so pleasing to our king.
O Phoebus, we cry out to you—                                                [Phoebus = Apollo]
may our song fill you with delight!

Who gave birth to you, my child?               [child = Oedipus]
Which one of the immortal gods
bore you to your father Pan,                     [Pan = Greek god of shepherds]            1320
who roams the mountainsides?
Was it some daughter of Apollo,
the god who loves all country fields?
Perhaps Cyllene’s royal king?          [Cyllene’s royal king = Hermes, god holy to shepherds]
Or was it the Bacchanalian god                [Bacchanalian god = Dionysus]
dwelling on the mountain tops
who took you as a new-born joy
from maiden nymphs of Helicon                  [Helicon = sacred mountain in Greece]
with whom he often romps and plays?

OEDIPUS: [looking out away from the palace]
You elders, although I’ve never seen the man           [you elders = the chorus]        1330 
we’ve been looking for a long time now,
if I had to guess, I think I see him.
He’s coming here. He looks very old—
as is appropriate, if he’s the one.
And I know the people coming with him,
servants of mine. But if you’ve seen him before,
you’ll recognize him better than I will.

CHORUS LEADER: Yes, I recognize the man. There’s no doubt.
He worked for Laius—a trusty shepherd.

[Enter SERVANT, an old shepherd]

OEDIPUS: Stranger from Corinth, let me first ask you—                                 1340
is this the man you mentioned?

MESSENGER: Yes, he is—
he’s the man you see in front of you. 

OEDIPUS: You, old man, over here. Look at me.
Now answer what I ask. Some time ago
did you work for Laius?

SERVANT: Yes, as a slave.
But I was not bought. I grew up in his house.    [Wow. In tragedy even slaves insist on their dignity]

OEDIPUS: How did you live? What was the work you did?

SERVANT: Most of my life I’ve spent looking after sheep.

OEDIPUS: Where? In what particular areas?

SERVANT: On Cithaeron or the neighboring lands. [Cithaeron=sacred mountain near Athens] 1350

OEDIPUS: Do you know if you came across this man
anywhere up there?

SERVANT: Doing what?
What man do you mean?

OEDIPUS: The man over here—
this one. Have you ever run into him?                [The man, this one = Messenger]

SERVANT: Right now I can’t say I remember him.

MESSENGER: My lord, that’s surely not surprising.
Let me refresh his failing memory.
I think he will remember all too well
the time we spent around Cithaeron.
He had two flocks of sheep and I had one.                                                                 1360
I was with him there for six months at a stretch,
from early spring until the autumn season.
In winter I’d drive my sheep down to my folds,
and he’d take his to pens that Laius owned.
Isn’t that what happened—what I’ve just said? 

SERVANT: You spoke the truth. But it was long ago.

MESSENGER: All right, then. Now, tell me if you recall
how you gave me a child, an infant boy,
for me to raise as my own foster son.

SERVANT: What? Why ask about that?

MESSENGER: This man here, my friend,                                                        1370
was that young child back then.

SERVANT: Damn you!
Can’t you keep quiet about it!

OEDIPUS: Hold on, old man.
Don’t criticize him. What you have said
is more objectionable than his account.

SERVANT: My noble master, what have I done wrong?

OEDIPUS: You did not tell us of that infant boy,
the one he asked about.

SERVANT: That’s what he says,                                    [he = Messenger]
but he knows nothing—a useless busybody.

OEDIPUS: If you won’t tell us of your own free will,
once we start to hurt you, you will talk.                                                                       1380

SERVANT: By all the gods, don’t torture an old man!

OEDIPUS: One of you there, tie up this fellow’s hands.

SERVANT: Why are you doing this? It’s too much for me!
What is it you want to know?

OEDIPUS: That child he mentioned—
did you give it to him?

SERVANT: I did. How I wish
I’d died that day!

OEDIPUS: Well, you’re going to die
if you don’t speak the truth.

SERVANT: And if I do,
there’s an even greater chance that I’ll be killed.

OEDIPUS: It seems to me the man is trying to stall. 

SERVANT: No, no, I’m not. I’ve already told you—                                                   1390
I did give him the child.

OEDIPUS: Where did you get it?
Did it come from your home or somewhere else?

SERVANT: It was not mine—I got it from someone.

OEDIPUS: Which of our citizens? Whose home was it?

SERVANT: In the name of the gods, my lord, don’t ask!
Please, no more questions!

OEDIPUS: If I have to ask again,
then you will die.

SERVANT: The child was born in Laius’s house.

OEDIPUS: From a slave or from some relative of his?

SERVANT: Alas, what I’m about to say now . . .
it’s horrible.

OEDIPUS: And I’m about to hear it.                                                                       1400
But nonetheless I have to know this.

SERVANT: If you must know, they said the child was his.
But your wife inside the palace is the one
who could best tell you what was going on.

OEDIPUS: You mean she gave the child to you?

SERVANT: Yes, my lord.

OEDIPUS: Why did she do that?

SERVANT: So I would kill it.

OEDIPUS: That wretched woman was the mother?                               [recognition]

SERVANT: Yes.
She was afraid of dreadful prophecies.

OEDIPUS: What sort of prophecies?

SERVANT: The story went
that he would kill his father.

OEDIPUS: If that was true,                                                                                    1410
why did you give the child to this old man?

SERVANT: I pitied the boy, master, and I thought
he’d take the child off to a foreign land
where he was from. But he rescued him,
only to save him for the greatest grief of all.                                               [irony]
For if you’re the one this man says you are   
you know your birth carried an awful fate.

OEDIPUS: Ah, so it all came true. It’s so clear now.
O light, let me look at you one final time,
a man who stands revealed as cursed by birth,                                                  1420
cursed by my own family, and cursed
by murder where I should not kill.

[Oedipus moves into the palace]

CHORUS: O generations of mortal men,
how I count your life as scarcely living.
What man is there, what human being,
who attains a greater happiness 
than mere appearances, a joy
which seems to fade away to nothing?
Poor wretched Oedipus, your fate
stands here to demonstrate for me                                                                         1430
how no mortal man is ever blessed.                                 [contrast comedy and romance]

Here was a man who fired his arrows well—
his skill was matchless—and he won
the highest happiness in everything.
For, Zeus, he slaughtered the hook-taloned Sphinx              [hook-taloned = sharp-clawed]
and stilled her cryptic song. For our state,                             [cryptic = mysterious]
he stood there like a tower against death,
and from that moment, Oedipus,
we have called you our king
and honored you above all other men,                                                                    1440
the one who rules in mighty Thebes.

But now who is there whose story
is more terrible to hear? Whose life
has been so changed by trouble,
by such ferocious agonies?
Alas, for celebrated Oedipus,
the same spacious place of refuge
served you both as child and father,
the place you entered as a new bridegroom. 
How could the furrow where your father planted,    [Gk idea of man’s seed; woman as passive-fertile]
poor wretched man, have tolerated you                                                               1451           
in such silence for so long?

Time, which watches everything
and uncovered you against your will,
now sits in judgment of that fatal marriage,
where child and parent have been joined so long.
O child of Laius, how I wish
I’d never seen you—now I wail
like one whose mouth pours forth laments.   
To tell it right, it was through you                                                                           1460
I found my life and breathed again,
and then through you my eyesight failed.

[The Second Messenger enters from the palace]

SECOND MESSENGER: O you most honored citizens of Thebes,
what actions you will hear about and see,
what sorrows you will bear, if, as natives here,
you are still loyal to the house of Labdacus!
I do not think the Ister or the Phasis rivers              [rivers of Europe and Asia]
could cleanse this house. It conceals too much      [pollution / cleansing theme]
and soon will bring to light the vilest things,
brought on by choice and not by accident.*                                                            1470
What we do to ourselves brings us most pain.

[*Translator’s note on line 1470: “This line refers not to the entire story, but to what Jocasta and Oedipus have just done to themselves.]

CHORUS LEADER: The calamities we knew about before
were hard enough to bear. What can you say
to make them worse?

SECOND MESSENGER: I’ll waste no words—
know this—noble Jocasta, our queen, is dead.

CHORUS LEADER: That poor unhappy lady! How did she die?

SECOND MESSENGER: She killed herself. You did not see it,          [suppression of spectacle]
so you'll be spared the worst of what went on.
But from what I recall of what I saw
you’ll learn how that poor woman suffered.                                                            1480
She left here frantic and rushed inside,
fingers on both hands clenched in her hair.
She ran through the hall straight to her marriage bed.
She went in, slamming both doors shut behind her
and crying out to Laius, who’s been a corpse
a long time now. She was remembering
that child of theirs born many years ago—
the one who killed his father, who left her
to conceive cursed children with that son.

She lay moaning by the bed, where she,                                                                1490
poor woman, had given birth twice over—
a husband from a husband, children from a child.
How she died after that I don’t fully know.           [suppression of spectacle]
With a scream Oedipus came bursting in.
He would not let us see her suffering,
her final pain. We watched him charge around,
back and forth. As he moved, he kept asking us
to give him a sword, as he tried to find
that wife who was no wife—whose mother’s womb
had given birth to him and to his children.                                                      1500

As he raved, some immortal power led him on—
no human in the room came close to him.
With a dreadful howl, as if someone  
had pushed him, he leapt at the double doors,
bent the bolts by force out of their sockets,
and burst into the room. Then we saw her.
She was hanging there, swaying, with twisted cords
roped round her neck.
                                       When Oedipus saw her,
with a dreadful groan he took her body
out of the noose in which she hung, and then,                                                         1510
when the poor woman was lying on the ground—
what happened next was a horrific sight—
from her clothes he ripped the golden brooches
she wore as ornaments, raised them high,
and drove them deep into his eyeballs, 
crying as he did so: "You will no longer see
all those atrocious things I suffered,
the dreadful things I did! No. You have seen
those you never should have looked upon,
and those I wished to know you did not see.                                                             1520
So now and for all future time be dark!"

With these words he raised his hand and struck,
not once, but many times, right in the sockets.
With every blow blood spurted from his eyes
down on his beard, and not in single drops,
but showers of dark blood spattered like hail.
So what these two have done has overwhelmed
not one alone—this disaster swallows up
a man and wife together. That old happiness
they had before in their rich ancestry                                                                        1530
was truly joy, but now lament and ruin,
death and shame, and all calamities
that men can name are theirs to keep.

CHORUS LEADER: And has that suffering man found some relief
to ease his pain?

SECOND MESSENGER:  He shouts at everyone
to open up the gates and thus reveal
to all Cadmeians his father’s killer,                                              [Cadmeians = Thebans]
his mother’s . . . but I must not say those words.
He wants them to cast him out of Thebes, 
so the curse he laid will not come on this house                                                       1540
if he still lives inside. But he is weak
and needs someone to lead him on his way.
His agony is more than he can bear—
as he will show you—for on the palace doors
the bolts are being pulled back. Soon you will see
a sight which even a man filled with disgust
would have to pity.

[Oedipus enters through the palace doors]                                           [spectacle]

CHORUS LEADER: An awful fate for human eyes to witness,
an appalling sight—the worst I’ve ever seen.
O you poor man, what madness came on you?                                                         1550
What eternal force pounced on your life                                     [imagery recalls Sphinx]
and, springing further than the longest leap,
brought you this awful doom? Alas! Alas!
You unhappy man! I cannot look at you.
I want to ask you many things—there’s much
I wish to learn. You fill me with such horror,
yet there is so much I must see.

OEDIPUS: Aaaiiii, aaaiii . . . Alas! Alas!
How miserable I am . . . such wretchedness . . .
Where do I go? How can the wings of air                                                            1560
sweep up my voice? Oh my destiny,
how far you have sprung now!

CHORUS LEADER: To a fearful place from which men turn away,
a place they hate to look upon.

OEDIPUS: O the dark horror wrapped around me,
this nameless visitor I can’t resist
swept here by fair and fatal winds.
Alas for me! And yet again, alas for me!
The agony of stabbing brooches
pierces me! The memory of aching shame!                                                           1570

CHORUS LEADER: In your distress it’s not astonishing
you bear a double load of suffering, 
a double load of pain.

OEDIPUS: Ah, my friend,
so you still care for me, as always,
and with patience nurse me now I’m blind.
Alas! Alas! You are not hidden from me—
I recognize you all too clearly.
Though I am blind, I know that voice so well.

CHORUS LEADER: You have carried out such dreadful things—
how could you dare to blind yourself this way?                                                     1580
What god drove you to it?

OEDIPUS: It was Apollo, friends,
it was Apollo. He brought on these troubles— 
the awful things I suffer. But the hand
which stabbed out my eyes was mine alone.
In my wretched life, why should I have eyes
when nothing I could see would bring me joy?

CHORUS LEADER: What you have said is true enough.

OEDIPUS: What is there for me to see, my friends?
What can I love? Whose greeting can I hear
and feel delight? Hurry now, my friends,                                                                1590 
lead me away from Thebes—take me somewhere,
a man completely lost, utterly accursed,
the mortal man the gods despise the most.

CHORUS LEADER: Unhappy in your fate and in your mind
which now knows all. Would I had never known you!

OEDIPUS: Whoever the man is who freed my feet,
who released me from that cruel shackle 
and rescued me from death, may that man die!
It was a thankless act. Had I perished then,
I would not have brought such agony                                                                    1600
to myself or to my friends.

CHORUS LEADER: I agree—
I would have preferred your death, as well.

OEDIPUS: I would not have come to kill my father,
and men would not see in me the husband
of the woman who gave birth to me.
Now I am abandoned by the gods,
the son of a corrupted mother,
conceiving children with the woman
who gave me my own miserable life.
If there is some suffering more serious                                                    1610
than all the rest, then it too belongs
in the fate of Oedipus.

CHORUS LEADER: I do not believe
what you did to yourself is for the best.
Better to be dead than alive and blind.

OEDIPUS: Don’t tell me what I’ve done is not the best.
And from now on spare me your advice. 
If I could see, I don’t know how my eyes
could look at my own father when I come
to Hades or could see my wretched mother.
Against those two I have committed acts                                                           1620
so vile that even if I hanged myself
that would not be sufficient punishment.
Perhaps you think the sight of my own children
might give me joy? No! Look how they were born!
They could never bring delight to eyes of mine.
Nor could the city or its massive walls,
or the sacred images of its gods.

I am the most abhorred of men, I,
the finest one of all those bred in Thebes,
I have condemned myself, telling everyone           [detective theme > judge]            1630
they had to banish for impiety
the man the gods have now exposed
as sacrilegious—a son of Laius, too.

With such polluting stains upon me,
could I set eyes on you and hold your gaze?                   [you = Leader of Chorus]
No. And if I could somehow block my ears
and kill my hearing, I would not hold back.
I’d make a dungeon of this wretched body,
so I would never see or hear again.
For there is joy in isolated thought,                                                                          1640
sealed off from a world of sorrow. 

O Cithaeron, why did you shelter me?   [Cithaeron = sacred mountain where Oedipus was abandoned]
Why, when I was handed over to you,
did you not do away with me at once,
so I would never then reveal to men
the nature of my birth?
                                     Ah Polybus,
and Corinth, the place men called my home,
my father’s ancient house, you raised me well—
so fine to look at, so corrupt inside!
Now I've been exposed as something bad,                                                            1650
contaminated in my origins.

Oh you three roads and hidden forest grove,
you thicket and defile where three paths meet,                    [defile = narrow passage]
you who swallowed down my father’s blood 
from my own hands, do you remember me,
what I did there in front of you and then
what else I did when I came here to Thebes?

Ah, you marriage rites—you gave birth to me,
and then when I was born, you gave birth again,
children from the child of that same womb,                                                              1660
creating an incestuous blood family
of fathers, brothers, children, brides,
wives and mothers—the most atrocious act
that human beings commit!
                                            But it is wrong
to talk about what it is wrong to do,
so in the name of all the gods, act quickly—
hide me somewhere outside the land of Thebes, 
or slaughter me, or hurl me in the sea,
where you will never gaze on me again.
Come, allow yourself to touch a wretched man.                                                       1670
Listen to me, and do not be afraid—
for this disease infects no one but me.                                [disease / pollution metaphor]

CHORUS LEADER: Creon is coming. He is just in time
to plan and carry out what you propose.
With you gone he’s the only one who’s left                      [Let’s not forget about Jocasta!]
to act as guardian of Thebes.

OEDIPUS: Alas,
how will I talk to him? How can I ask him
to put his trust in me? Not long ago 
I treated him with such contempt.

[Enter Creon]

CREON: Oedipus, I have not come here to mock                                                  1680
or blame you for disasters in the past.
But if you can no longer value human beings,
at least respect our lord the sun, whose light           [our lord the sun = Apollo]
makes all things grow, and do not put on or show
pollution of this kind in such a public way,                      [x-spectacle]
for neither earth nor light nor sacred rain
can welcome such a sight.

[Creon speaks to the attending servants]

   Take him inside the house
as quickly as you can. The kindest thing
would be for members of his family    
to be the only ones to see and hear him.                                                                 1690

OEDIPUS: By all the gods, since you are acting now
so differently from what I would expect
and have come here to treat me graciously,
the very worst of men, do what I ask.
I will speak for your own benefit, not mine.

CREON: What are you so keen to get from me?

OEDIPUS: Cast me out as quickly as you can,
away from Thebes, to a place where no one,
no living human being, will cross my path.

CREON: That is something I could do, of course,                                                    1700
but first I wish to know what the god says
about what I should do.

OEDIPUS: But what he said  
was all so clear—the man who killed his father
must be destroyed. And that corrupted man
is me.

CREON: Yes, that is what was said. But now,
with things the way they are, the wisest thing
is to ascertain quite clearly what to do.

OEDIPUS: Will you then be making a request
on my behalf when I am so depraved?

CREON: I will. For even you must now trust in the gods.                                       1710

OEDIPUS: Yes, I do. And I have a task for you
as I make this plea—that woman in the house,              [that woman = Jocasta]
please bury her as you see fit. You are the one
to give your own the proper funeral rites.

But never let my father’s city be condemned
to have me living here while I still live. 
Let me make my home up in the mountains
by Cithaeron, whose fame is now my own.
When my father and mother were alive,
they chose it as my special burying place—                                                      1720
and thus, when I die, I’ll be following
the orders of the ones who tried to kill me.

And yet I know this much—no disease
nor any other suffering can kill me—
for I would never have been saved from death
unless I was to suffer a strange destiny.
But wherever my fate leads, just let it go.

As for my two sons, Creon, there’s no need               [two sons = Polyneices & Eteocles]
for you to care for them on my behalf—
they are men—thus, no matter where they are,                               1730
they’ll always have enough to live on.

But my two poor daughters have never known
my dining table placed away from them
or lacked their father’s presence. They shared
everything I touched—that’s how it’s always been.
So take care of them for me. But first let me
feel them with my hands and then I’ll grieve.
Oh my lord, you noble heart, let me do that—
if my hands could touch them it would seem
as if I were with them when I still could see.                                    1740

[Some SERVANTS lead ANTIGONE and ISMENE out of the palace]

What’s this? By all the gods I hear something—
is it my two dear children crying . . . ?
Has Creon taken pity on me
and sent out the children, my dear treasures?
Is that what’s happening?

(blind Oedipus embraces Antigone & Ismene)

CREON: Yes. I sent for them.
I know the joy they’ve always given you—
the joy which you feel now.

OEDIPUS: I wish you well.
And for this act, may the god watch over you
and treat you better than he treated me.

Ah, my children, where are you? Come here,                                          1750
come into my arms—you are my sisters now—
feel these hands which turned your father’s eyes,
once so bright, into what you see now,
these empty sockets. He was a man, who,
seeing nothing, knowing nothing, fathered you
with the woman who had given birth to him.

I weep for you. Although I cannot see,
I think about your life in days to come,
the bitter life which men will force on you.
What citizens will associate with you?                                                       1760
What feasts will you attend and not come home
in tears, with no share in the rejoicing?

When you’re mature enough for marriage,
who will be there for you, my children,
what husband ready to assume the shame
tainting my children and their children, too?

What perversion is not manifest in us?
Your father killed his father, and then ploughed
his mother’s womb—where he himself was born—
conceiving you where he, too, was conceived.                                          1770

Those are the insults they will hurl at you.
Who, then, will marry you? No one, my children.
You must wither, barren and unmarried.

Son of Menoeceus, with both parents gone,       [son of Menoeceus = Creon]
you alone remain these children’s father.
Do not let them live as vagrant paupers,
wandering around unmarried. You are
a relative of theirs—don’t let them sink
to lives of desperation like my own.
Have pity. You see them now at their young age                                                  1780
deprived of everything except a share
in what you are. Promise me, you noble soul,
you will extend your hand to them. And you, 
my children, if your minds were now mature,
there’s so much I could say. But I urge you—
pray that you may live as best you can
and lead your destined life more happily
than your own father.